Summer Reading Assignment to be completed prior to the first week of class
Summer Reading Group Work Questions Group work assignment as hand out in class
Summer Reading Presentation Rubric
Summer Books – Related Reading and Films Helpful articles and commentary to aid you with your class presentation including the Fahrenheit 451 Afterword (“Investing Dimes”) and Coda, as well as links to film adaptations.
Summer Reading Study Aids Quizlets and review sites
Fahrenheit 451 by Ray Bradbury
Before reading each text, read the background information below. As you read each work, take notes on your thoughts, questions, and observations. Then answer the questions below.
Guiding Questions
Take notes on the following as you read:
Characters/Character Traits
- What do you like or dislike about the characters? Are they dynamic or static?
- Identify the character traits for each of the main characters.
Conflicts
- What are the central conflicts in each novel? Consider both internal and external conflicts. Are they resolved?
Important/Interesting quotes
- Identify quotes that you feel are important or interesting. Cite page numbers.
Literary Style and Technique
- How do they add to the meaning of the text?
- What do you notice about the author’s style and/or use of literary elements? (Foreshadowing, irony, imagery, symbolism, metaphor, etc.)
Themes
- What themes can you identify? What was the author’s purpose in writing the book?
Questions
- Answer the questions for each text as listed below.
- What questions do you have as you read?
GEORGE ORWELL (1903-1950)
In the years since the publication of Animal Farm and 1984, both of which conjure visions of modern government’s dangerous power, critics have studied and analyzed George Orwell’s personal life. Orwell was a man who had a reputation for standing apart and even making a virtue of his detachment. This “outsider” position often led him to oppose the crowd.
Orwell began life as Eric Arthur Blair (George Orwell was a pen name he adopted later for its “manly, English, country-sounding ring.”) He spent his early years in India as a lonely boy who liked to make up stories and talk with imaginary companions. He began to “write” before he even knew how, dictating poems to his mother, and perhaps saw this outlet as an alternative to the human relationships he found so difficult. Refuge in words and ideas became increasingly important when Orwell’s parents sent him, at age eight, to boarding school in England.
Later, instead of going on to university, he decided to take a job in Burma with the Indian Imperial Police. Orwell wrote about this experience in Burmese Days (1934) and in the essay “Shooting an Elephant.” At odds with British colonial rule, Orwell said he “theoretically—and secretly, of course . . . was all for the Burmese and all against their oppressors, the British.”
Returning to England to recover from a bout of the chronic lung illness that plagued him all his life, Orwell began his writing career in earnest. Over the next two decades, he wrote newspaper columns, novels, essays, and radio broadcasts, most of which grew out of his own personal experience.
Orwell’s beliefs about politics were affected by his experiences fighting in the Spanish Civil War. He viewed socialists, communists, and fascists as repressive and self-serving. Orwell patriotically supported England during World War II, but remained skeptical of governments and their willingness to forsake ideals in favor of power.
With each book or essay, Orwell solidified his role as the outsider willing to question any group’s ideology. Orwell spoke his mind with Animal Farm, in which he criticized the Soviet Union despite its role as a World War II ally of Great Britain. At first, no one would publish the novel, but when Animal Farm finally appeared in 1945 it was a success. It was later adapted both as an animated film and as a play.
In explaining how he came to write Animal Farm, Orwell says he once saw a little boy whipping a horse:
It struck me that if only such animals became aware of their strength we should have no power over them, and that men exploit animals in much the same way as the rich exploit the [worker].
Orwell said it was the first book in which he consciously tried to blend artistic and political goals. Orwell’s final novel, 1984, continued that effort with a grim portrayal of a world totally under government control.
Orwell pursued his writing career faithfully, although it was not always easy. In his final days he made the statement, “Writing . . . is a horrible, exhausting struggle . . . One would never undertake such a thing if one were not driven . . .”
THE NOVEL
Animal Farm is written on many levels. It is already a children’s story in its own right. . . . [It] is also a lament for the fate of revolutions and the hopes contained in them. It is a moving comment on man’s constant compromise with the truth. —John Atkins
On the publication of Animal Farm in 1945, George Orwell discovered with horror that booksellers were placing his novel on children’s shelves. According to his housekeeper, he began traveling from bookstore to bookstore requesting that the book be shelved with adult works. This dual identity—as children’s story and adult satire—has stayed with Orwell’s novel for more than fifty years.
Animal Farm tells the story of Farmer Jones’s animals who rise up in rebellion and take over the farm. Tired of being exploited solely for human gain, the animals—who have human characteristics such as the power of speech—vow to create a new and more just society.
Though the novel reads like a fairy story, and Orwell subtitles it as just that, it is also a satire containing a message about world politics and especially the former Soviet Union in particular. Since the Bolshevik revolutions of the early 1900s, the former Soviet Union had captured the attention of the world with its socialist experiment. Stalin’s form of government had some supporters in Britain and the United States, but Orwell was against this system.
Animal Farm is both a satire and an allegory. In a satire, the writer attacks a serious issue by presenting it in a ridiculous light or otherwise poking fun at it. Orwell uses satire to expose what he saw as the myth of Soviet socialism. Thus, the novel tells a story that people of all ages can understand, but it also tells us a second story— that of the real-life Russian Revolution. For this reason, it can also be considered an allegory. An allegory is a narrative that can be read on more than one level. Critics often consider Animal Farm to be an allegory of the Russian Revolution because the characters can be matched to real life historical figures.
THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION
In the early 1900s, Russia’s Czar Nicholas II faced an increasingly discontented populace. Freed from feudal serfdom in 1861, many Russian peasants were struggling to survive under an oppressive government. By 1917, amidst the tremendous suffering of World War I, a revolution began. In two major battles, the Czar’s government was overthrown and replaced by the Bolshevik leadership of Vladmir Lenin. When Lenin died in 1924, his former colleagues Leon Trotsky, hero of the early Revolution, and Joseph Stalin, head of the Communist Party, struggled for power. Stalin won the battle, and he deported Trotsky into permanent exile.
Once in power, Stalin began, with despotic urgency and exalted nationalism, to move the Soviet Union into the modern industrial age. His government seized land in order to create collective farms. Stalin’s Five Year Plan was an attempt to modernize Soviet industry. To counter resistance (many peasants refused to give up their land), Stalin used vicious military tactics. Rigged trials led to executions of an estimated 20 million government officials and ordinary citizens. The government controlled the flow and content of information to the people, and all but outlawed churches.
Many critics have matched the characters in Animal Farm to the historical figures of The Russian Revolution ––for example, linking the power struggle between Napoleon and Snowball to the historical feuding between Joseph Stalin and Leon Trostky for control of the Soviet Union. Critics also believe that Old Major represents Karl Marx, who dies before realizing his dream. Other comparisons include Moses as the Russian Orthodox church, Boxer and Clover as workers, the sheep as the general public, Squealer as Stalin’s government news agency, the dogs as Stalin’s military police, and Farmer Jones as Czar Nicholas II. The farm’s neighbors, Pilkington and Frederick, are said to represent Great Britain and Germany, while Mollie suggests the old Russian aristocracy, which resists change.
Clearly, Animal Farm is more than a fairy story. It is a commentary on the relevance of independent thought, truth, and justice.
Adapted from: “Animal Farm Study Guide.” Glencoe/McGraw-Hill. Web. 21 May 2012. Available at: http://www.glencoe.com/sec/literature/litlibrary/pdf/animal_farm.pdf
QUESTIONS
Consider the following as you read. Answer the following questions in your notes:
- How do the various characters in the novel symbolize their counterparts in the Russian Revolution?
- What is Orwell’s perspective on socialism? How do you know?
- A dystopia is a repressive society characterized by misery, often disguised as a utopia (perfect society). How does the farm in Animal Farm represent a dystopia?
FAHRENHEIT 451 by Ray Bradbury
RAY BRADBURY (1920–2012)
Ray Bradbury began writing when he was seven years old. He was born in Waukegan, Illinois, and lived, he says, immersed in a world of fantasy and illusion— the world of the comic strip characters Buck Rogers and Flash Gordon. In high school, he founded and edited a magazine called Futuria Fantasia, which he ran off on a mimeograph. After graduating from high school, Bradbury wrote stories that didn’t sell and supported himself by selling newspapers in downtown Los Angeles. At the age of twenty-three, he became a fulltime writer.
Bradbury explains that his hatred of thought investigation and thought control of any kind arises from the fact that his ancestor, Mary Bradbury, was tried as a witch in Salem, Massachusetts, during the seventeenth century. According to Bradbury, “Science fiction is a wonderful hammer; I intend to use it when and if necessary to bark a few shins or knock a few heads, in order to make people leave people alone.”
Adapted from: “Independent Reading: A Guide to Fahrenheit 451.” Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc. Web. 21 May 2012. Available at: http://eolit.hrw.com/hlla/novelguides/hs/Mini-Guide.Bradbury.pdf.
THE NOVEL
The story of fireman Guy Montag first appeared in “The Fireman”, a short story by Ray Bradbury published in Galaxy Science Fiction in 1951. Montag’s story was expanded two years later, in 1953, and was published as Fahrenheit 451. While the novel is most often classified as a work of science fiction, it is first and foremost a social criticism warning against the danger of censorship. Fahrenheit 451 uses the genre of science fiction, which enjoyed immense popularity at the time of the book’s publication, as a vehicle for his message that unchecked oppressive government irreparably damages society by limiting the creativity and freedom of its people. In particular, the “dystopia” motif popular in science fiction – a futuristic technocratic and totalitarian society that demands order and harmony at the expense of individual rights – serves the novel well.
Developed in the years following World War II, Fahrenheit 451 condemns not only the anti-intellectualism of the defeated Nazi party in Germany, but more immediately the intellectually oppressive political climate of the early 1950’s – the heyday of McCarthyism. That such influential fictional social criticisms such as Orwell’s Animal Farm and 1984 and Skinner’s Walden Two were published just a few short years prior to Fahrenheit 451 is not coincidental. These works reveal a very real apprehension of the danger of the US evolving into an oppressive, authoritarian society in the post-WWII period.
On a more personal level, Bradbury used Fahrenheit 451 as a vehicle through which to protest what he believed to be the invasiveness of editors who, through their strict control of the books they printed, impair writers’ originality and creativity. Ironically, Fahrenheit 451, itself a vehicle of protest against censorship, has often been edited for foul language.
Fahrenheit 451, Ray Bradbury’s most popular novel, has been reprinted scores of times since initially published in 1953. The lessons of this American classic, the dangers of censorship and government control, have become increasingly important and the novel is as relevant today as it was when first written.
“Fahrenheit 451 Background.” Study Guides & Essay Editing. Web. 21 May 2012. Available at: http://www.gradesaver.com/fahrenheit-451/study-guide/about/.
QUESTIONS
Consider the following as you read. Answer the following questions in your notes:
- What is the significance of each of the major characters in the novel? Characterize Guy Montag, Millie, Clarisse, Faber, and Beatty. What purpose does each character serve in the novel?
- Science fiction is literature that explores technological and societal change. Science fiction is often based on scientific principles and technology. It may make predictions about life in the future or comment on important issues in society. What elements make Fahrenheit 451 a science fiction novel?
- A dystopia is a repressive society characterized by misery, often disguised as a utopia (perfect society). How does the society in Fahrenheit 451 represent a dystopia?
Fahrenheit 451
Fahrenheit 451 Afterword (“Investing Dimes”) and Coda pdf file for downloading.
Here are some of the points you should consider as you read:
- The irony of Fahrenheit 451 being censored
- Bradbury’s supposedly unconscious naming of Montag and Faber (and their respective symbolism)
- Bradbury’s statement: “There is more than one way to burn a book. And the world is full of people running about with lit matches.” Consider this in relation to the two poems we read in class about book burning.
Singapore Uses Robot Dogs to Ensure Social Distancing During Coronavirus
“It’s Time to Revisit Fahrenheit 451” August 2019 a critic explains why the book is still relevant today
“Why Fahrenheit 451 Is the Book for Our Social Media Age” May 2018 a writer and director looks at the relevance of Fahrenheit 451 today
What Science Fiction Movie or Novel is Most Prescient Today? December 2015 The author argues that Bradbury foretold the future more than almost any other writer.
The Real Reason We Need to Stop Protecting Everyone’s Feelings, September 2015 One writer addresses the controversy over trigger warnings, alluding to Fahrenheit 451.
Trigger Warnings On Classic Literature are One Small Step from Book Banning, May 2014 Are trigger warnings thoughtful and necessary, or a type of censorship? One writer weighs in on her belief.
Ray Bradbury’s Obituary in the NY Times, June 2012
Fahrenheit 451 Misinterpreted Ray Bradbury clarifies his meanings in the text, suggesting that the problem is not the state, but the people themselves.
Students push back against book bans as the scope of a new Florida law expands 2023
Why Everyone Needs to Read Fahrenheit 451 Right Now Published in April 2023
100,000 banned books used to create life-sized Parthenon where Nazis once burned texts NY Daily News, 2017
The Official Site of Ray Bradbury Excerpts from works, audio, and video
Animal Farm
Orwell’s Animal Farm 75 Years Later Published in 2020
‘Animal Farm’ Perfectly Describes Life in the Era of Donald Trump one writer’s take on how Animal Farm reflects life in the Trump era
Orwell’s Animal Farm Featured in Law Case September 2013
Orwell’s Son Speaks About His Father, September 2012
“The Truth” and Politics — How Today’s Political Language Mirrors Orwell’s Animal Farm
Political Posters and Propaganda a blog from Ithaca College which shares political propaganda from both sides of the aisle
The 9-Point Guide to Deciphering Political Propaganda
Propaganda, the 2016 Political Election, and Donald Trump one writer’s take on Trump’s use of propaganda in his campaign
Full-length Cartoon Film of Animal Farm, 1954
Trailer for 2081, short film based on “Harrison Bergeron” by Kurt Vonnegut
Summer Reading Vocabulary Words Quizlet
Summer Reading Vocabulary Sentence Completion Quizlet
Top 10 Notes: Animal Farm a 9-minute study review of the novel
Animal Farm Characters Quizlet a good review for the summer reading test
Animal Farm Quotes Quizlet a good review for the summer reading test
Top 10 Notes: Fahrenheit 451 a 9-minute study review of the novel
Fahrenheit 451 Characters Quizlet a good review for the summer reading test
Fahrenheit 451 Quotes Quizlet a good review for the summer reading test
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